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Some sections of concrete highway pavements have been viewed with great concern by highway off
icials and engineers due to the severe cracking and failure problems. This is mainly due to the traffic
loads in addition to temperature variations between top and bottom of concrete slab, which cause the
concrete slab to curl up and down depending on the thermal gradient, respectively.
Subsequently, a major consideration was given to the derivation of stiffness matrix and equivalent
nodal loads due to the uniform gravity load, temperature and shrinkage of concrete. And the structural
behavior of concrete highway pavement due to the temperature variations throughout the nations has
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