??? ??? ?? ?? (A study on the rolling cloud pattern roof end tile of Koguryo)

The goal of this treatise is to clear up the chronology of rolling cloud pattern roof-end
tiles of Koguryo. For this, I classified the rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of Koguryo
on the basis of change and combination of individual design elements like the number of
division, the number of dividing line, design in the border, representation mode of
introvert cres-cent-shaped line.
Focusing on the combination of design elements on the surface of roof-end tile, the
rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of Koguryo has two patterns : (1) dividing line(one
line) + no successive triangle pattern in the border + characters in introvert cres-centshaped
line + dividing line no reach with the border (2) dividing line(three lines) +
successive triangle pattern in the border + no characters in introvert cres-cent-shaped line
+ dividing line reach with the border.
But in the stage of transition from former to latter we can find the mixed pattern of
both and also four dividing lines roof-end tiles which is new pattern derived from eight
dividing lines roof-end tiles. In my opinion, the main factor that effected changes on
design patterns like these is time. On the assumption, I classified the rolling cloud pattern
roof-end tile of Koguryo into three types.
I make sure that type ��, the basic form of the rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of
Koguryo, transferred to type �� when a certain changes on design elements had been
occurred. We can discern big changes on design elements in type ��: dividing line add
up two, characters in introvert cres-cent-shaped line, successive triangle pattern in the
border, appearance of four dividing line roof-end tiles. Therefore in type �� we can see
the tendency of secession from traditional manner of production of the rolling cloud
pattern roof-end tiles. In type ��, the sexagenary cycles like�� the year of Eulmyo(355)��, ��the year of Jungsa(357)��are carved in relief. If we accept their correctness, type �� was
the new mode which was in fashion for a short period in the middle of 4th century.
As type �� is estimated to be prevailed in the middle of 4th century, it is reasonable that
type �� was used before the middle of 4th century. The proof of this assumption is the
name of an era and the sexagenary cycle written in type �� roof-end tiles. The name of
an era and the sexagenary cycle written in type ��the 4th year of Taenyung��,�� the year
of Gichuk��and ��the year of Musul��were estimated each A. D. 325, 329 and 338.
Accordingly type �� can be estimated to be prevailed between the beginning and the
middle of 4th century.
Comparison with type �� and ��, type �� which shows wide range of transformations
of individual design elements is deviated from basic pattern of the rolling cloud pattern
roof-end tiles. As type �� appeared in the transition period of type ��, if we allow the
chronology of type ��, type �� can be estimated to be used after the middle of 4th
century.
It was after the middle of 4th century that not only rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles
but also lotus design roof-end tiles appeared that the huge changes in the mode of
Koguryo roof-end tiles took place. So it can be assumed that emergence of lotus design
roof-end tile affected on disappearance of rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles. As the
beginning of lotus design roof-end tiles is assumed between the middle and latter of 4th
century, type �� can be chronologized, considering the possibility of coexistence of both,
between the middle and latter of 4th century.

The goal of this treatise is to clear up the chronology of rolling cloud pattern roof-end
tiles of Koguryo. For this, I classified the rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of Koguryo
on the basis of change and combination of individual design elements like the number of
division, the number of dividing line, design in the border, representation mode of
introvert cres-cent-shaped line.
Focusing on the combination of design elements on the surface of roof-end tile, the
rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of Koguryo has two patterns : (1) dividing line(one
line) + no successive triangle pattern in the border + characters in introvert cres-centshaped
line + dividing line no reach with the border (2) dividing line(three lines) +
successive triangle pattern in the border + no characters in introvert cres-cent-shaped line
+ dividing line reach with the border.
But in the stage of transition from former to latter we can find the mixed pattern of
both and also four dividing lines roof-end tiles which is new pattern derived from eight
dividing lines roof-end tiles. In my opinion, the main factor that effected changes on
design patterns like these is time. On the assumption, I classified the rolling cloud pattern
roof-end tile of Koguryo into three types.
I make sure that type ��, the basic form of the rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles of
Koguryo, transferred to type �� when a certain changes on design elements had been
occurred. We can discern big changes on design elements in type ��: dividing line add
up two, characters in introvert cres-cent-shaped line, successive triangle pattern in the
border, appearance of four dividing line roof-end tiles. Therefore in type �� we can see
the tendency of secession from traditional manner of production of the rolling cloud
pattern roof-end tiles. In type ��, the sexagenary cycles like�� the year of Eulmyo(355)��, ��the year of Jungsa(357)��are carved in relief. If we accept their correctness, type �� was
the new mode which was in fashion for a short period in the middle of 4th century.
As type �� is estimated to be prevailed in the middle of 4th century, it is reasonable that
type �� was used before the middle of 4th century. The proof of this assumption is the
name of an era and the sexagenary cycle written in type �� roof-end tiles. The name of
an era and the sexagenary cycle written in type ��the 4th year of Taenyung��,�� the year
of Gichuk��and ��the year of Musul��were estimated each A. D. 325, 329 and 338.
Accordingly type �� can be estimated to be prevailed between the beginning and the
middle of 4th century.
Comparison with type �� and ��, type �� which shows wide range of transformations
of individual design elements is deviated from basic pattern of the rolling cloud pattern
roof-end tiles. As type �� appeared in the transition period of type ��, if we allow the
chronology of type ��, type �� can be estimated to be used after the middle of 4th
century.
It was after the middle of 4th century that not only rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles
but also lotus design roof-end tiles appeared that the huge changes in the mode of
Koguryo roof-end tiles took place. So it can be assumed that emergence of lotus design
roof-end tile affected on disappearance of rolling cloud pattern roof-end tiles. As the
beginning of lotus design roof-end tiles is assumed between the middle and latter of 4th
century, type �� can be chronologized, considering the possibility of coexistence of both,
between the middle and latter of 4th century.