?? ??? ??(�ѕ�) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? (Calendar Publication and Jung��in Scientists in the Late Joseon Period)

The last pages of extant calendars, published in late Joseon period, include the lists of jung��in astronomers who took part in the process of calendar- making at the Bureau of Astronomy (Gwansanggam). This article conducts a comprehensive survey of calendar-makers included in the extant Joseon calendars from 1580 to 1908, and analyzes the information on the jung��in astronomers, such as the numbers of calendar-makers, their official posts, and their official ranks in the royal court. This analysis shows that the number of calendar-makers changed three times during the late Joseon period. They were 5 from 1580 to 1653. The number increased to 8 from 1654 to 1742, and increased again to 14 from 1743 to 1895. From 1896 to 1908, the number of calendar-makers shows frequent fluctuations between six and fourteen. The lists also show the personal careers of the jung��in astronomers, such as their official posts and ranks. This information allows us to reconstruct their career trajectories in the bureaucratic system of the Joseon dynasty. Finally, the list shows the long-term tendency in the official ranks of the calendar-makers. The official ranks of the most senior official of the calendar-makers tended to become higher after the eighteenth century. This means that the official ranks of the jung��in scientists in the Bureau of Astronomy became gradually higher in late Joseon period.

The last pages of extant calendars, published in late Joseon period, include the lists of jung��in astronomers who took part in the process of calendar- making at the Bureau of Astronomy (Gwansanggam). This article conducts a comprehensive survey of calendar-makers included in the extant Joseon calendars from 1580 to 1908, and analyzes the information on the jung��in astronomers, such as the numbers of calendar-makers, their official posts, and their official ranks in the royal court. This analysis shows that the number of calendar-makers changed three times during the late Joseon period. They were 5 from 1580 to 1653. The number increased to 8 from 1654 to 1742, and increased again to 14 from 1743 to 1895. From 1896 to 1908, the number of calendar-makers shows frequent fluctuations between six and fourteen. The lists also show the personal careers of the jung��in astronomers, such as their official posts and ranks. This information allows us to reconstruct their career trajectories in the bureaucratic system of the Joseon dynasty. Finally, the list shows the long-term tendency in the official ranks of the calendar-makers. The official ranks of the most senior official of the calendar-makers tended to become higher after the eighteenth century. This means that the official ranks of the jung��in scientists in the Bureau of Astronomy became gradually higher in late Joseon period.