PARTNER
๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ์ œํœด์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ

์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ - ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์ œ์™ฟ’ ๋น„๊ต - (Trends in China's Personal Information Protection Legislation -Comparison with Korea's Personal Information Protection Law-)

30 ํŽ˜์ด์งฟ’
๊ธฐํƒ€ํŒŒ์ผ
์ตœ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๋ก์ผ 2025.03.13 ์ตœ์ข…์ ฟ’์ž‘์ผ 2021.03
30P ๋ฏธ๋้ฉ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ - ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์ œ์™ฟ’ ๋น„๊ต -
  • ๋ฏธ๋้ฉ๋ณด๊ธฐ

    ์„œ์่ง์ •๋ต–

    ยท ๋ฐœํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ด€ : ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ •์ฑ…ํ•™ํšŒ
    ยท ์ˆ˜๋ก์ง€ ์ •๋ณด : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ / 21๊ถŒ / 1ํ˜ธ / 351 ~ 380ํŽ˜์ด์งฟ’
    ยท ์ €์ž๋ช… : ์œคํ˜„์„

    ์ดˆ๋ก

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์˜ ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•, ํ˜•๋ฒ•, ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ น์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ4์ฐจ์‚ฐ์—… ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ํ‹ฑํ†ก(TikTok)์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต– ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์™„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2017๋…„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •, 2020๋…„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™ฟ’ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•, ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
    ํ•œํŽธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ43์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์ง€, ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์กฐ์น˜๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“์„ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋„ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก์˜ 5%์˜ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก์˜ 3% ๊ณผ์ง•๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค.
    ์œ„์™ฟ’ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์™„์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์™ธ์ด์ „ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ํ•ด์™ธ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์่œ์ •๋ต–์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์™ธ์˜ ์ด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

    ์˜์–ด์ดˆ๋ก

    China has been legally protecting against infringement of personal information through civil law, criminal law, and e-commerce related laws, but regulations on personal information have been decentralized in each law. Therefore, it has been evaluated that the legal system of China is not suitable in the era of the fourth industry, when personal information, that is, data is becoming important. In addition, due to sanctions in the United States for illegal collection of personal information by Chinese video platform company TikTok, China is also trying to complete a legal system to protect personal information for its own citizens.
    China is seeking to complete the legal system related to personal information, that is, data protection through the enactment of the Network Safety Act in 2017, the Data Safety Act and the Personal Information Protection Act, which was announced in 2020 as a draft. In particular, the Personal Information Protection Act puts out the reasons for protecting the personal information of domestic Internet users. However, it is trying to establish a legal basis for taking retaliation against countries or regions that take discrimination against China. Therefore, it is necessary to look closely at the legislative trends related to personal information protection in China.
    Personal information protection legislation in China sets different definitions of personal information. In Korea, only the Personal Information Protection Act defines personal information. Therefore, China has defined the personal information protection law similarly to the definition of personal information in the Civil Law and Network Security Law, but it is necessary to unify it as each can have different interpretations.
    And it is peculiar in that Article 43 of the Personal Information Protection Act of China provides countermeasures in cases where any country or region has a prejudice against China in terms of personal information protection and prohibits, restricts or takes other similar measures. When foreign companies in China violate relevant laws in China when transferring their personal information, i.e. data, outside China, the punishment level is higher than in Korea.
    In particular, China's Personal Information Protection Act confiscates illegal income and imposes a fine of 50 million yuan or 5% of the previous year's sales, so it can be said to be heavier than the 3% penalty of sales in Korea.
    As described above, the completion of the legislative system related to personal information protection in China includes the contents of regulations and adjustments related to the storage and transfer of personal information abroad. Therefore, overseas business operators in China should establish countermeasures according to the legislative situation regarding the collection of personal information in China and transfers outside of China.

    ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ

    ยท ์—†์Œ

    ํƒœ๊ทธ

  • ์ž์ฃผ๋ฌป๋Š”์งˆ๋ๅฉ์˜ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”

    ํ•ดํ”ผ์บ ํผ์Šค FAQ ๋”๋ณด๊ธฐ

    ๊ผญ ์•Œ์•„์ฃผ์„ธ์š”

    • ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ดํ”ผ์บ ํผ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณด์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
      ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์  ์ด์šฉ, ๋ฌด๋‹จ ์ „์žฌโˆ™๋ฐฐํฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
      ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์นจํ•ด, ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ๋“ฑ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋น„๋ฐ”์นด์ง€๋…ธ Viva์˜ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์นจํ•ด ์‹ ๊ณ ๋น„๋ฐ”์นด์ง€๋…ธ Viva๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ํ•ดํ”ผ์บ ํผ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž์™ฟ’ ํŒ๋งค์ž ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ž˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒํ™˜๋ถˆ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
      ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘๋ณต์ž๋ฃŒ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์—†์Œ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜
      ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ผํ˜•์‹์— ๋งž๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™ฟ’ 70% ์ด์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์ค‘๋ณต์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํ•™๊ป“, ์„œ์  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋„์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

โ€œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌโฟ’์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ผ๋ๅฉ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”!

๋ฌธ์„œ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” EasyAI
์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํ•ดํ”ผ์บ ํผ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” EasyAI ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™ฟ’ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋„์™ฟ’๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
- ์ฃผ์ œ๋งŒ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์ฐจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ๋‚ด์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋™ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
- ์žฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
- ์Šคํ† ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์บ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ •๋ณ„๋กœ 1ํšŒ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”!
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
- ์œ ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ
- ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
- ์ž‘๋ณ„์ธ์‚ฌ ๋…ํ›„๊ฐ
ํ•ด์บ  AI ์ฑ—๋ด‡๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ
์ฑ—๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
2025๋…„ 06์›” 09์ผ ์›”์š”์ผ
AI ์ฑ—๋ด‡
์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํ•ดํ”ผ์บ ํผ์Šค AI ์ฑ—๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
2:21 ์˜ค์ „