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This article examines the characteristics of the science of reasoning (ÒòÃ÷ŒW, Skt. hetu-vidy¨¡) by Bunhwang Wonhyo and Youngho Jungho. First, Bunhwang Wonhyo assigns the position of the science of reasoning to the position of the natural working of the principle of dependent arising (ëS¾‰), which means that ¡°it is not there, but it is not nonexistent.¡± among the principles of one mind and two aspects ¡ª the two positions of enlightenment that transcend language and logic.
This implies that Wonhyo¡¯s logic of reasoning science (Skt. hetu-vidy¨¡) is not limited to conventional truth (ÊÀË×ÖB, Skt. sa?v?ti-satya). In other words, if the middle way acts according to the reality of dependent arising, this logic is established without any effort from the phenomenon realm.
This logic is clear and efficient. For this reason, Wonhyo¡¯s science of reasoning is considered to be logic that originates out of enlightenment.
The conclusion of Wonhyo¡¯s argument, expressed in Chapter 9 of Treatise on the Critique of Inference, is that, even in the case of Hinayana, a separate consciousness is recognized as what the sixth consciousness relies upon.
For this reason, Hinayana acknowledges the existence of separate conscious bodies such as the seventh and eighth consciousness in meaning, and is proven through the Theravada sutras ¡ª such as ?gama of Combined Discourses and Abhidharmako?a-bh¨¡?ya.
This characteristic of Wonhyo's logic is that he achieves the purpose of the argument by accurately pointing out the points absolutely necessary for the argument, preventing refutation by presenting undeniable evidence, and by understanding the opponent¡¯s argument accurately. This leads to efficiency maximization.
Meanwhile, Youngho Jungho's science of reasoning has the characteristics of formal logic for conventional truth (ÊÀË×ÖB, Skt. sa?v?ti satya). His logic is established when direct perception (¬FÁ¿, Skt.
pratyak?a-pram¨¡?a) and inference (±ÈÁ¿, Skt. anum¨¡na) ¡ª which are methods of helping oneself realize the correct truth ¡ª and inferential proof (ÄÜÁ¢, Skt. s¨¡dhana) and valid refutation(ÄÜÆÆ, Skt. d¨±?ana) ¡ª which are methods of helping others realize the truth ¡ª are combined. This logic is characteristic of his science of reasoning (ÒòÃ÷ŒW, Skt. hetu-vidy¨¡).
For him, direct perception concerned the gaining of information based on the five sensory organs, without any concepts involved. This means that, when somebody sees a red object, and knows ¡°that object is red¡± through direct perception of the five senses, the concept of ¡°red¡± is not yet involved.
Meanwhile, inference (±ÈÁ¿, Skt. anum¨¡na) means developing knowledge regarding the state of an object allowing the involvement of concept, recognition, and inference based on perception formed by direct perception.
If correct knowledge for oneself is provided through methods of direct perception and inference, inferential proof, and valid refutation ¡ª methods for enlightening others ¡ª are also added and logic is formed.
Youngho Jungho's science of reasoning, formed through this path, takes the form of logic as knowledge of conventional truth rather than as a method for gaining enlightenment. Fundamentally, however, the conventional and ultimate truths are neither identical nor different.
Therefore, the science of reasoning, as logic for conventional truth, also has an equally important meaning as the ultimate truth.