????? ???? ??: 14-16?? ???? ????(Schandbild) ?? (A Picture of Shame Teaching¡ªA Study on the ¡°Schandbild¡± in Germany in the 14¨C16th Centuries)

? 500? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ¡®????¡¯? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ? ??(??? ???????).
????? ¡®????¡¯? ???? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ¡®?? ??¡¯? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.
¡®????¡¯? ?? ? ?? ¡®?? ?¡¯?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???. ¡®????¡¯? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?, ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ¡®????¡¯? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.

¡®Schandbild¡¯ is a genre of defamatory pictures, which was popular 500 years ago in Germany. This picture depicts a man (never a woman) who is humiliated in defaming situations, including hanging on a gallow. These are the pictorial representations of a hanging, not the hanging of a person in reality. The hanging of opponents in the images is, therefore, a symbolic punishment by distorted representations, in order to humiliate the opponent who committed financial breach of contract or faith (usually the bad debt, fraud, and forgery).
Common themes of ¡®Schanbild¡¯ include the hanging upside down, frequently with unclean animals (such as pigs or dogs), the abuse of heraldic arms that are positioned upside down, and a seal attached to the anus of animals, meaning that the seal is unreliable and unauthentic. ¡®Judensau¡¯(Jewish pigs) was also a favored subject matter, which belongs the tradition of disgracing the Jews by comparing them to pigs.
The term, ¡®Schanbild,¡¯ originated in such an ¡®out of court¡¯ system of the late Middle Ages, which was sanctioned by the law of obligations as a medieval legal measures in general. Ordinary people or citizens accused noblemen (sometimes even their princes) publicly of their misconducts. Those defamatory pictures were posted at the pillory, in the town hall, or at churchdoors, in order to make known in public the perfidious act or any violation of a social norm. The public display of those abusive images would function as threatening gestures to attack the offenders¡¯ honor and social positions.