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This study examines the expansibility and openness of Hunminjeongeum. Hunminjeongeum has generally been known as the writing system which contains 28 characters, but those 28 characters were merely the letters specialized for transcribing in the Korean language at the time of its foundation. To record foreign languages, more letters than the original set of characters were needed. This study reviews the literature and examines alphabets other than 28 characters to identify ¡°The expansibility principles of Hunminjeongeum.¡± The principles include 1) the same consonants can be written laterally attached; 2) the additional consonant can be attached under the focal character; 3) the length of characters can be adjusted to distinguish one phoneme from another; 4) a side dot can be added for suprasegmental factors. The principles allow the transformation of Hunminjeongeum, which was originally created to write the Korean language. We understand this modification as the expansibility of Hunminjeongeum.
Such a transformation method was also applied to the transcription of syllable units. The writing system of Hunminjeongeum itself with a syllable block, which contains several phonemes within, can be regarded as one of the expansibility principles. However, specific aspects vary between languages by whose syllable structures. This study focuses on how foreign languages were written with Hunminjeongeum. We review foreign language learning materials used in the Chosun (Joseon) dynasty era, especially for the Chinese, the Mongolian, the Manchu, and the Japanese language. Through the review, we could confirm 1) the combinations of phonemes specialized for the specific language and 2) the syllable structures different from the Korean transcription. We understand these features as the openness of Hunminjeongeum.
The principles found in this study is still valid, even though the expansibility through the transformation and combination of phonemes and the openness to various syllable structures of Hunminjeongeum have a limitation that the users of the foreign language learning materials were mostly Korean people.