???? ?????? ??????: ???? ?? (International Relations Theory of Yan Xuetong��s Moral Realism: A Comprehensive Look)

??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???. ???, ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ????. ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??. ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???, ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ? ??? ???? ??? ???????
???? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.

Established by Professor Yan Xuetong from Tsinghua University, the theory of moral realism in international relations theory represents the achievement of Chinese scholars in innovations in international relations. This theory aims to use political leadership measured by morality as an explanatory variable to analyze the reason and logic of the rising power replacing the dominant position of the dominant power. However, extant literature on the theory fails to systematically review moral realism in Yan��s work, reflecting fragmentation and misunderstanding. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively review moral realism in international relations, refute and correct problematic understandings, and explore potential
applications for theoretical development. It argues that moral realism corresponds to classical realism more than neoclassical realism as a theoretical paradigm and that it is not a theory with ideological purposes serving China��s grand strategy. The study further argues that the theory has not matured owing to issues with concept definition, logical contradictions,
and biases of case analysis. Moreover, the influence of ancient Chinese thought in Yan��s moral realism and the limited research object and field may impede its theoretical application. This study proposes applying moral realism to the study of foreign aid and holds that the field of foreign aid conforms to moral realism, alleviates some moral realism deficiencies, and expands the application scope of the theory.