????(??? ???, ?????, ??? ????, ?????, ?????, ??????, ?????? ????)

????

I. ??? ???(Scientific Management)

??? 1800?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??(²»ÔÚ)????, ????? ??? ????(drifting management)?? ????.
???(C. Babbage)? 1800?? ?? ????(production management)? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??(principle of division of labor)? ???? ???.
?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
??? ??? ??? ??? ???(F. W. Taylor)? ??? ????(task management)? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??(systematic soldiering)? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????.
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????(high wage and low labor cost)? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

1. ????? ????

???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??(scientific and
objective method)? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ???
?? ??? ????. ?, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????(time study)
? ????(motion study)? ??? ???? ??? ???.
????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???
??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????(stop watch)? ??? ??
?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????
????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ???? ????(standardized work
method)? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??? ???
??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????(task
management)? ??? ???? ??.
??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?, ??? ???
?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??.