??? ??? (Teacher's grammar) ???

Chapter 22. Focus Structures - OLD before NEW
? Clefting
? It clefts: [- V] ??? focused element ??
? Wh- clefts(pseudo-clefts): [+V] ??? focused position ?? (do-support ??)
? Uses of cleft sentences ¡ú It + be verb + NEW information that OLD information
- Contradict / Argue a point/ Establish a topic

? Fronting (Preposing, Topicalization) ¨C involving only the movement of a constituent.
? Uses of fronting ¨C Emphasize an element/ Enphasize a contrast/ Introduce a Topic

? Inversion - ¢Ùsubject- verb ¢Úsubject- auxiliary ¢Ûsubject-dependent
? Lexical inversions: inversions triggered by the presence of a particular word
- locative adverbs (here, there, yonder) with verbs such as go, come, be or lie.
- negative adverbs (never, seldom, rarely, not often, only) ¡ú subject-aux inversion
- words that link content across clauses (not only, neither, nor, so, as)
? Stylistic inversions
? Information packaging inversions : Subject ¨C dependent inversion
- avoiding long subject NPs, or emphasizing a related point
- a locative complement or adjectival predicate complement