???? ??, ???? ????, ???? ?????, ???? ?????, ???? ???, ???? ????, ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????, ??? ????

¢ñ. ??

????? ???? ?? 150? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ? ??, ? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ?? ?2??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ??(Hans Peter Muller/Michael Schmid, 1995: 16). 19??? ??? ??? ??? ??(? ???/???, 1991)? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ???. ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ??(¸¡ÉÏ), ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???.
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??, ????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.
??? ?????? ???(A. de Tocqueville)? ????? ?? ????, ????(K. Marx)? ??? ?? ???????, ??(A. Comte)? ???(H. Spencer)? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??. ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??(H. Spencer, 1904: 108).