[????] ?? ???? ??

20?? ????? ????(Naturalism)? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? Herbert Spencer(1820-1903)? Social Darwinism??. Spencer? Lamarck? Darwin? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? `????'? `????'? ???. ????? ???? 20?? ??? ???? ??? Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London? ???? ???? Theodore Dreiser? ???? ??. Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)? ??? ??? `????'?? `??? ???'? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?? ?????? Sister Carrie(1900)? An American Tragedy(1925)? ??.
?1? ????? ???? Henry James? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? Genteel Realism?? ???. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? `??? ??'? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, ????? ?? ?? ????. ? ??? ??? ???? ???? Edith Wharton(1862-1937), Anne Douglas Edgwick(1873-1935) ?? ??.
1917? ??? ?1? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????, Ernest Hemingway? ?????? ??? ???? ????, F. Scott Fitzgerald? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???, William Faulkner? ???? ???.