?????? - ???? ???? ???? ?? (Microbial Physiology - Biosynthesis & Metabolism of Amino acid)

Amino acid biosynthesis:
The context of families of amino acids
1. Glutamate or ��-Ketoglutarate Family - Glutamate, glutamine, glutathione, proline, arginine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, and lysine in yeasts and molds
A tetrapyrrole (heme) precursor and ��-aminolevulinate [glutamate]
2. Aspartate Family - Aspartate, asparagine, threonine, methionine, isoleucine, and lysine in bacteria
3. Pyruvate Family - Alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine
4. Serine-Glycine or Triose Family - Serine, glycine cysteine, and cysteine
��-aminolevulinate �C the condensation of glycine and succinate
5. Aromatic Amino Acid Family - Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan
Additional compounds �C enterochelin, p-aminobenzoate, ubiquinone, menaquinone, and NAD
6. Histidine - An offshoot of the purine pathway [intact purine ring]
The Glutamate or ��-ketoglutarate Family
1. Glutamine and Glutathione Synthesis
Glutamate and glutamine �C play a role in amino acid biosynthesis
Glutamine �C synthesized from glutamate with ammonia(NH3) + ATP
Glutathione
1st Step, the coupling of L-glutamate and L-cysteine with ATP to form ��-glutamylcysteine
2nd Step, glutathione synthase with glycine and ATP forms glutathione...